8.1 Human populations

Guiding questions

How can the dynamics of human populations be measured and compared?
To what extent can the future growth of the human population be accurately predicted?

SL and HL knowledge statements

8.1.1 Births and immigration are inputs to a human population.

8.1.2 Deaths and emigration are outputs from a human population.

8.1.3 Population dynamics can be quantified and analysed by calculating the total fertility rate, life expectancy, doubling time and natural increase.

8.1.4 The global human population has followed a rapid growth curve. Models are used to predict the growth of the future global human population.

8.1.5 Population and migration policies can be employed to directly manage the growth rates of human populations.

8.1.6 Human population growth can also be managed indirectly through economic, social, health, development and other policies that have an impact on births, deaths or migration.

8.1.7 The composition of human populations can be modelled and compared using age–sex pyramids.

Age-sex pyramids tell us about the past and can help us predict the future.

8.1.8 The demographic transition model (DTM) describes the changing levels of births and deaths in a human population through different stages of development over time.

Knowledge statements for HL only

8.1.9 Rapid human population growth has increased stress on the Earth’s systems.

8.1.10 Age–sex pyramids can be used to determine the dependency ratio and population momentum.

How to read age-sex pyramids and determine the dependency ratio. Caution: It is factually correct but not exactly inspiring.

8.1.11 The reasons for patterns and trends in population structure and growth can be understood using examples of two countries in different stages of the DTM.

8.1.12 Environmental issues such as climate change, drought and land degradation are causing environmental migration.

Practical activities

Practical 8.1.3 – Calculate NIR and doubling time for different countries

Possible engagement opportunities

Turn these into CAS activities connected to the UN SDGs.
Assess and debate issues regarding population change in the local or regional area.
Investigate traditional migration routes that still exist, the threats to these or solutions involved in maintaining these routes.
Volunteer in a local refugee centre.
Engage with local NGOs supporting seasonal or indigenous communities.
Help with the work of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).

Happy learning!