Master Topic 8 of the updated IB Environmental Systems and Societies (ESS) course with this comprehensive student workbook, fully aligned to the syllabus for first examinations in 2026.

This workbook helps students build a strong understanding of human populations and urban systems, from the demographic indicators used to measure and predict population change, to the environmental consequences of urbanization, and the causes and management of urban air pollution. Through guided notes, structured practice activities, exam-style questions, and a complete answer key, students develop the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in IB ESS. Designed for both Standard Level (SL) and Higher Level (HL) students, it provides a clear pathway through the most important concepts, terminology, and assessment objectives in Topic 8.

Whether used in the classroom, for homework, revision, independent study, or exam preparation, this workbook encourages active learning and helps students develop the analytical and evaluation skills required for success in IB ESS.

What You’ll Learn

Topic 8.1: Human Populations

Students explore:

Births and immigration as inputs to human populations, and deaths and emigration as outputs, quantified using crude birth rates, crude death rates, and immigration and emigration rates
Key demographic indicators including total fertility rate, life expectancy, doubling time using the rule of 70, and natural increase rate
The rapid growth curve of the global human population and UN projection models linked to future fertility rate scenarios
Anti-natalist and pro-natalist population policies that directly manage birth rates, and immigration and emigration policies that manage migration, with named examples
How indirect policies addressing gender equality, education, public health, and welfare influence births, deaths, and migration
Age-sex pyramids as tools for modeling and comparing population composition across contrasting countries
The demographic transition model (DTM) and its five stages linking crude birth rates, crude death rates, and total population to levels of economic development
How environmental issues including climate change, drought, desertification, sea-level rise, and extreme weather events are driving environmental migration, with named examples
Rapid human population growth, current and projected population totals, and how growth increases stress on Earth’s systems as illustrated by the doughnut economics model (HL)
Age-sex pyramids as tools for calculating dependency ratios and understanding population momentum (HL)
Patterns and trends in population structure and growth using two contrasting countries at different stages of the DTM, analyzed across historical, present, and future timeframes (HL)

Topic 8.2: Urban Systems and Urban Planning

Students investigate:

Urban areas as ecosystems composed of biotic and abiotic components, functioning as interconnected systems of buildings, microclimate, transport, energy, water, waste, and living organisms
Urbanization as a global trend driven by rural-urban migration, including push-pull factors, voluntary versus forced migration, and the advantages of urban settlements
Suburbanization and urban sprawl as consequences of people moving from dense city centers to lower-density peripheral areas
The environmental consequences of urban and suburban expansion, including loss of agricultural land and natural ecosystems, changes to water quality, altered river flows, and increased air pollution
How urban planning aims to meet the physical, domestic, environmental, commercial, industrial, financial, and health needs of all stakeholders
The factors considered in sustainable urban planning, including affordable housing, integrated public transport, green spaces, renewable energy, waste management, energy efficiency, and community involvement, with named historical and contemporary examples
Ecological urban planning as a holistic approach that treats the urban system as an ecosystem, including urban ecology, urban farming, biophilic design, resilience planning, and regenerative architecture
How doughnut economics and circular economy models can guide urban sustainability planning (HL)
The principles of urban compactness, mixed land use, and social mix in ecological urban planning, and their benefits for reducing sprawl, car dependency, and social inequality (HL)
Green architecture as an approach that minimizes environmental and health impacts of construction through environmentally friendly materials and circular construction practices (HL)

Topic 8.3: Urban Air Pollution

Students examine:

The main urban air pollutants produced by human activities, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter categorized as PM2.5 and PM10
The natural and anthropogenic sources of primary air pollutants, including forest fires, volcanic eruptions, fossil fuel combustion, agricultural burning, and construction dust
How most urban air pollutants derive directly or indirectly from the combustion of fossil fuels, with tropospheric ozone as a key secondary pollutant
A range of management and intervention strategies for reducing urban air pollution, including improved public transport, cycling infrastructure, urban trees, green walls, catalytic converters, and car-free zones
The chemistry of acid rain formation from NOx and sulfur dioxide, and its ecological, health, and structural impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, freshwater systems, and buildings
How sulfur dioxide and NOx pollution can be managed by altering human activity, controlling release at source, or restoring damaged ecosystems
Photochemical smog formation when sunlight acts on NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to produce peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) and tropospheric ozone as secondary pollutants (HL)
How meteorological factors including temperature inversions and reduced wind speed, and topographical factors such as surrounding mountains or tall buildings, intensify photochemical smog formation (HL)
The direct biological impacts of tropospheric ozone on plant cuticles, human respiratory systems, and rubber and fabric materials (HL)
The indirect societal and economic costs of tropospheric ozone pollution, including impacts on healthcare systems, workforce productivity, and environmental justice, with poorer communities disproportionately affected (HL)

What’s Included

✔ Coverage of all Topic 8 syllabus statements for SL and HL

✔ Content aligned to the updated IB ESS syllabus (first examinations 2026)

✔ Separate sections for SL and HL content

✔ Key vocabulary tables with space for definitions and named examples

✔ Guided notes that mirror IB assessment language and command terms

✔ Structured practice activities including demographic calculations, systems diagram construction, and data analysis

✔ Exam-style short-answer and extended-response questions

✔ Critical-thinking opportunities aligned with Assessment Objectives AO2 and AO3

✔ Complete answer key included

Why Students Love This Workbook

Unlike traditional revision notes, this workbook actively engages students in the learning process. The guided activities are designed around the language and command terms used in IB assessments, helping learners build confidence while developing the skills required to analyze, explain, compare, evaluate, and justify environmental concepts.

Students can use the workbook throughout the course or as a focused revision tool before assessments.

Ideal For

IB Environmental Systems and Societies students
Standard Level (SL) students
Higher Level (HL) students
IB teachers seeking ready-to-use classroom resources
Homeschool learners following the IB curriculum
Students preparing for quizzes, tests, and final examinations

Product Details

Format: Digital PDF Download

Course: IB Environmental Systems and Societies (ESS)

Topic: Topic 8 – Human Populations and Urban Systems

Level: SL and HL

Answer Key: Included

Author: Bradley M Kremer

Publisher: IB ESSentials

Syllabus Alignment: First Examinations 2026

Important Information

This resource is independently produced and is not endorsed by or affiliated with the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO).

Your purchase includes a license for individual educational use unless otherwise specified.

Explore additional IB ESS workbooks, revision resources, study guides, and teaching materials at ibessentials.org.

demographic transition

IB ESS Topic 8 Student Workbook: Human Populations and Urban Systems (SL/HL, 2026) | PDF with Answer Key